A Case of Surgical Repair for End-Stage Tricuspid Regurgitation with Severe Liver Dysfunction and Hepatic Encephalopathy / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We report the case of a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation and severe liver dysfunction who was successfully treated by tricuspid valve repair with spiral suspension and perioperative management of high cardiac output. The patient was a 77-year-old woman who presented with chronic atrial fibrillation with bradycardia (heart rate approximately 50 bpm). She had been diagnosed with severe tricuspid valve and mitral valve regurgitation at the age of 74. As her heart failure and hepatic failure grew worse, and hepatic encephalopathy also occurred, she was admitted to the hospital. Her Child-Pugh score for liver disease was Grade C at the preoperative assessment, suggesting that she was in the high-risk category for open heart surgery. Therefore, further medical treatment was required before selecting the surgical treatment. After the implantation of a pacemaker (VVI mode, 80 bpm), the cardiac output increased with a cardiac index of 5.17 L/min/m2 compared with 2.97 L/min/m2 prior to pacemaker implantation. Furthermore, the symptoms of heart failure improved and total bilirubin decreased from 3.9 mg/dl to 1.7 mg/dl, and surgery was performed. Tricuspid regurgitation was treated with spiral suspension, and mitral regurgitation due to annular dilation was treated with annuloplasty. Following the surgery, the cardiac index was maintained from 4.3 L/min/m2 to 5.8 L/min/m2 with central venous pressure below 10 mmHg by the assistance of intra-aortic balloon pumping. The patient was extubated 30 h after surgery, and was discharged on postoperative day 54. At the time of discharge, total bilirubin was 1.5 mg/dl. At 1.5 post-operative years, the patient is New York Heart Association functional Class II and tricuspid valve regurgitation is mild.

Mid-term outcome after tricuspid valve replacement

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the mid-term survival rate after tricuspid valve replacement (TVR). Methods: We retrospectively studied 110 consecutive patients who underwent TVR from January 2007 to November 2017. A survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results: The median survival was 65.81 months. Mean age was 50 (range 39 to 59) years. Forty-eight patients (43.6%) were male, and 62 patients (56.4%) were female. Most of the patients (78.5%) were categorized into the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes III/IV. Seventy-two patients (65.5%) had isolated TVR. Six-three patients (57.3%) had previously undergone heart surgery. The Kaplan-Meier survival rates at one year, three years, and five years were 59.0%±5%, 52.0%±6%, and 48.0%±6%, respectively. A Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for mid-term mortality were advanced NYHA class (hazard ratio [HR] 2.430, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.099-5.375, P=0.028), need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) treatment (HR 3.121, 95% CI 1.610-6.050, P=0.001), and need for intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) treatment (HR 3.356, 95% CI 1.072-10.504, P=0.038). Conclusion: In TVR, impaired cardiac function before the operation and a need for CRRT or IABP treatment after the operation is independently associated with increased mid-term mortality.

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Graft Replacement with Partial Extra-corporeal Circulation of Descending Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Marfan Syndrome Combined with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Mitral Regurgitation / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We report on a rare case of Marfan syndrome with giant dissecting descending thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms associated with poor left ventricular function and severe mitral regurgitation. Before the anesthetic induction, a partial extra-corporeal circulation was established to prevent a collapse of the circulation. Descending aortic graft replacement and following abdominal aortic graft replacement were performed safely using the partial extra-corporeal circulation to relief the afterload for the severely deteriorated left ventricle with severe mitral regurgitation. Intra-aortic balloon pumping was also promptly used to assist the poor circulation in the postoperative period. Despite the admission to a specialized institute, he died from irreversible heart failure with a developing renal failure. Even for a difficult patient with Marfan syndrome with severe left ventricular dysfunction and mitral regurgitation, graft replacement was feasible with meticulous perioperative circulatory management using partial extra-corporeal circulation and intra-aortic balloon pumping. However, a prompt registration for heart transplantation and an aortic surgery concomitant with implantation of left ventricular assisted device should have been considered to save the patient.

Therapeutic effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping for patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective:To explore therapeutic effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) for patients in ICU of cardio-vascular surgery.Methods:A total of 104 patients,who received cardiac surgery in our ICU of cardiovascular surgery,were enrolled,randomly and equally divided into dopamine group (received routine treatment combined dopamine ) and IABP group (received auxiliary IABP based on dopamine group ).Blood pressure,levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr),urine volume before and one week after surgery,incidence of adverse reactions were observed and com-pared between two groups.Results:Compared with dopamine group on one week after surgery,there were significant rise in levels of SBP [ (89.24 ± 10.22) mmHg vs.(104.22 ± 12.63) mmHg],DBP [ (51.14 ± 7.05) mmHg vs.(64.22 ± 9.25) mmHg] and urine volume [ (44.14 ± 5.69) ml/h vs.(67.19 ± 8.16) ml/h],and significant reductions in levels of central venouspressure [CVP,(16.04±1.72)cmH2Ovs.(10.23±1.01) cmH2O],bloodBUN [(11.03±1.52) mmol/L vs.(7.41 ± 0.81) mmol/L] and Cr [ (162.23 ± 18.58) μmol/L vs.(100.84 ± 12.35) μmol/L] in IABP group,P＝0.001 all;total incidence rate of complications in IABP group was significantly lower than that of dopamine group (1.92%vs.48.08%,P＝0.001).Conclusion:Intra-aortic balloon pumping can significantly raise blood pressure,increase urine volume;reduce blood Scr and BUN levels in patients after cardiac surgery.And its postoperative incidence rate of complica-tions is low.

Intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock: state of the art / Balão intra-aórtico no choque cardiogênico: o estado da arte

ABSTRACT The clinical definition of cardiogenic shock is that of a low cardiac output and evidence of tissue hypoxia in the presence of adequate blood volume. Cardiogenic shock is the main cause of death related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with a mortality rate of 45-70% in the absence of aggressive and highly specialized technical care. The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is one of the most widely used mechanical assisting devices. During the last two decades, about 42% of patients with AMI who evolved with cardiogenic shock received mechanical circulatory assistance with IABP. Its clinical indication has been based on non-randomized studies and registry data. Recent studies have shown that the use of IABP did not reduce 30-day mortality in patients with AMI and cardiogenic shock treated with the strategy of early myocardial revascularization as the planned primary objective. The guidelines of the American Heart Association and of the European Society of Cardiology have reassessed their recommendations based on the results of meta-analyzes, including the IABP-SCHOCK II Trial study, which did not evidence an increase in survival of patients who received mechanical support with IABP. This review article addresses the clinical impact of IABP use in the cardiogenic shock caused by AMI.

RESUMO A definição clínica de choque cardiogênico é a de um quadro de baixo débito cardíaco e evidência de hipóxia tecidual, na presença de volemia adequada. O choque cardiogênico representa a principal causa de óbito relacionada ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), com índice de mortalidade em torno de 45% a 70%, na ausência de cuidados técnicos agressivos e altamente especializados. O balão intra-aórtico (BIA) é um dos dispositivos de assistência mecânica mais utilizados no mundo. Nas duas últimas décadas, cerca de 42% dos pacientes com IAM, que evoluíram com choque cardiogênico, receberam assistência circulatória mecânica com BIA. Sua indicação clínica tem sido baseada em estudos não randomizados e dados de registro. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que o uso do BIA não reduziu a mortalidade hospitalar (30 dias) em pacientes com IAM e choque cardiogênico, tratados com a estratégia de revascularização precoce do miocárdio como objetivo primário planejado. As diretrizes da Associação Americana de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia reavaliaram suas recomendações, baseadas nos resultados de metanálises, incluindo o estudo IABP-SCHOCK II Trial, que não evidenciou aumento na sobrevida de pacientes que receberam suporte mecânico com BIA. Este artigo de revisão aborda o impacto clínico do uso do BIA no choque cardiogênico ocasionado pelo IAM.

Clinical therapeutic efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump as an adjuvant treatment after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease associated with chronic kidney disease / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) as an auxiliary treatment of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with chronic kidney disease. Methods One hundred and twenty CHD patients with concomitant chronic kidney disease and receiving PCI in our hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jul. 2014, and 123 simple CHD patients without renal dysfunction, who had undergone PCI with concomitant IABP for the cardiac pump failure, cardiogenic shock, acute left heart failure, unstable angina pectoris (UP) which was not allayed by medical treatment, or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), were selected for observation of preoperative condition, in-hospital mortality and prognosis of patients in two groups. Results There was no statistically significant difference in general clinical data including gender, age, and concomitant hypertension and diabetes, and preoperative blood lipid, AST, D-dimer, APTT, and international normalized ratio (INR) showed also no statistically significant difference before surgery between two groups of patients (P>0.05). The difference in proportion of AMI, the left main trunk and (or) three-branches involvement was of no statistical significance (P>0.05), but there was significant difference in the incidence of previous myocardial infarction, TnT, CK-MB, Cr, BUN, stent number, IABP application time (P0.05) between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetes and the number of stents were independent risk factors for in-hospital and long-term mortalities. Conclusions By means of the effective cardiac assistance of IABP, CHD patients with renal insufficiency have the same short and long term clinical prognosis as simple CHD patients without renal dysfunction who has undergone PCI. Diabetes and the number of stents are independent risk factors for in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

Mechanical Circulatory Support for Advanced Heart Failure / 대한내과학회지

Patients with end-stage heart failure or cardiogenic shock experience unacceptably high mortality despite advances in treatment made over the past 50 years. The effects of vasoactive drugs used to manage cardiogenic shock may be limited, being highly dependent on "remaining" heart function. Mechanical circulatory support improves cardiac output independent of heart function. Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are the devices most commonly used in Korea. Despite frequent use, the utility of IABPs in acute myocardial patients remains controversial, whereas ECMO affords sufficient systemic perfusion pressure to reverse end-organ dysfunction. Both can only be used as acute treatments, thus as a bridge-to-recovery or a bridge-to-transplantation. Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) such as TandemHeart(R) and Impella are not in use in Korea. Implanted LVADs improve long-term outcomes and may also serve as destination therapies. In the present manuscript, we briefly review percutaneous and implantable devices currently used in Korea for the management of advanced heart failure.

Outcome of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The mortality of hospitalized patients undergoing treatment with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) due to cardiogenic shock is well known as quite high. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with an IABP in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and cardiogenic shock and identify the predictors of in-hospital mortality. METHODS: 134 patients who underwent PCI with IABP due to ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock were consecutively enrolled. Outcomes were obtained and analyzed during hospitalization and after 1 year. RESULTS: The incidence of all-cause mortality was 35.8% (in-hospital mortality, 34.3%; 1-year mortality, 1.5%). The nonsurvival group exhibited higher peak levels of creatine kinase MB; lower ejection fractions; and higher incidences of ST elevation myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, and use of an assistive device than did the survival group. Aging (hazard ratio 2.839; 95% confidence interval 1.408-5.723; p = 0.004), the use of a temporary pacemaker (2.035; 1.114-3.720; 0.021), the use of a mechanical ventilator (4.376; 1.852-10.341; 0.001), and the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (2.219; 1.017-4.839; 0.045) were independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. However, out-of-hospital mortality among in-hospital survivors was not affected by predictors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of in-hospital mortality was high, as expected in patients undergoing PCI with IABP due to ACS with cardiogenic shock. Aging, CPR, and additional procedures such as pacemaker use and mechanical ventilation were predictors of in-hospital mortality. However, the patients who were successfully discharged after the complex procedure showed acceptable 1-year outcomes.

Application of emergency intra-aortic balloon pump counter pulsation in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction combined with cardiogenic shock / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) combined with cardiogenic shock (CS).Methods Among 62 elderly patients with AMI plus CS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI),32 patients received IABP before PCI (IABP group) and 30 patients did not (control group).Diastolic blood press ure(DBP),mean arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate,cardiac index (CI),and ejective fraction before and 2 weeks after PCI in the two groups were observed.The short-and long-term therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Results The DBP,MAP and CI were higher and heart rate was lower in IABP group than in control group within 24 h after IABP [(64.4± 11.1) mmHg vs.(37.8±15.1) mmHg,(71.4±8.3) mmHg vs.(43.0±10.5) mmHg,(2.98± 0.33) L· min-1 · m-2 vs.(1.99±0.29) L· min-1 · m-2,(90.7±18.7) /min vs.(130.2±50.1)/min,t=7.97,11.83,12.51,4.16,all P=0.000].Two weeks after IABP,LVEF was significantly improved in IABP and control groups as compared with pre-IABP [(46.4±7.2)％ vs.(35.2± 7.2) ％,(39.1±6.8) ％ vs.(33.8±6.7) ％,both P＜0.01],and heart function was improved more significantly in IABP group than in the control group (t=3.91,P=0.000).Death tolls during hospitalization and after leaving hospital,and recurrence of AMI had no significant differences between the two groups (2 cases vs.4 cases,3 cases vs.8 cases,6 cases vs.10 cases,x2 =0.89,3.17,1.72,P=0.346,0.075,0.190).Conclusions IABP can improve the cardiac function in elderly AMI patients with CS after PCI.

Predictors of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Insertion in Coronary Surgery and Mid-Term Results

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the preoperative, operative, and postoperative factors affecting intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion in patients undergoing isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We also investigated factors affecting morbidity, mortality, and survival in patients with IABP support. METHODS: Between January 2002 and December 2009, 1,657 patients underwent isolated CABG in Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. The number of patients requiring support with IABP was 134 (8.1%). RESULTS: In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time and prolonged operation time were independent predictive factors of IABP insertion. The postoperative mortality rate was 35.8% and 1% in patients with and without IABP support, respectively (p=0.000). Postoperative renal insufficiency, prolonged ventilatory support, and postoperative atrial fibrillation were independent predictive factors of postoperative mortality in patients with IABP support. The mean follow-up time was 38.55+/-22.70 months and 48.78+/-25.20 months in patients with and without IABP support, respectively. The follow-up mortality rate was 3% (n=4) and 5.3% (n=78) in patients with and without IABP support, respectively. CONCLUSION: The patients with IABP support had a higher postoperative mortality rate and a longer length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. The mid-term survival was good for patients surviving the early postoperative period.

Uso do balão intra-aórtico no trans e pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca: análise de 80 casos consecutivos / Use of intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiac surgery: analysis of 80 consecutive cases

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco no perioperatório de cirurgia cardíaca pode incidir em cerca de 10 a 15% dos pacientes; desse total, 2% necessitam de suporte mecânico para adequado controle hemodinâmico. OBJETIVOS: Descrever a mortalidade de pacientes que necessitaram utilizar balão intra-aórtico (BIAo) no trans ou pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, identificando variáveis pré-operatórias associadas a pior desfecho, assim como descrever as complicações pós-operatórias e a sobrevida em médio prazo. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo 80 casos consecutivos entre janeiro/2009 e setembro/2011. Os pacientes possuíam, em média, 62,9 ± 11,3 anos e 58,8% eram do sexo masculino. Na amostra, 81,3% dos pacientes eram hipertensos, 50% tinham infarto do miocárdio prévio e 38,8%, insuficiência cardíaca NYHA III/IV. A principal cirurgia realizada foi a revascularização miocárdica isolada (37,5%). RESULTADOS:A mortalidade hospitalar nesta série foi de 53,8% (IC95%: 42,7-64,9), sendo o tempo de isquemia > 90 minutos preditor independente de mortalidade em análise multivariada (RR 1,52 IC95%: 1,04-2,22). Em relação às complicações, 71,3% (IC95%: 61,2-81,4) dos pacientes apresentaram ao menos uma complicação adicional no período perioperatório, sendo a isquemia do membro inferior observada em 5% dos pacientes. A sobrevida em 1 ano foi de 43,6%, observando-se um platô na curva de sobrevida após uma queda acentuada inicial, relacionada à mortalidade hospitalar. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes que necessitam do BIAo compõem um grupo de muito alto risco para morbidade e mortalidade; seu emprego, entretanto, permite recuperar muitos pacientes de uma evolução que seria invariavelmente fatal, tendo os pacientes com alta hospitalar uma boa sobrevida em médio prazo.

BACKGROUND: About 10% to 15% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery may develop low cardiac output syndrome in the perioperative period; of this total, 2% require mechanical support for adequate hemodynamic control. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality rates of patients who required the use of IABP in the perioperative or postoperative period of cardiac surgery, identifying preoperative variables associated with a worse outcome, as well as to describe the postoperative complications and medium-term survival. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including 80 consecutive cases between January/2009 and September/ 2011. The patients had on average 62.9 ± 11.3 years and 58.8% were male; 81.3% were hypertensive, 50.0% had prior myocardial infarction and 38.8% has NYHA III/IV heart failure. The mainsurgery performed was isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (37.5%). RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 53.8% (IC 95%: 42.7-64.9), and cross-clamp time > 90 minutes was an independent predictor of mortality in multivariate analysis (OR 1.52 CI 95%: 1.04-2.22). 71.3% of patients (CI 95%: 61.2-81.4) had at least one additional complication in the perioperative period, with lower limb ischemia observed in 5.0% patients. One-year survival was 43.6%, with a plateau in survival rates after a sharp initial drop, related to hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Patients who require IABP comprise a group of very high risk for morbidity and mortality. IABP use, however, enables the recovery of many patients from an evolution that would invariably be fatal, and patients discharged from hospital have a good medium-term survival.

Validation of a protocol to assist patients with intra-aortic balloon

OBJECTIVE: To develop a protocol of care for patients with Intra-Aortic Balloon and validate the content of this protocol. METHODS: Study of quantitative and descriptive approach. The methodology followed three steps: development of the instrument; content validity and reliability verification of the protocol for the analysis of agreement between specialists with greater experience. The study included 48 specialists, including physicians and nurses experienced in patient care in use of balloon. Items considered valid achieved at least 75% of consensus before the analysis of agreement between evaluators. RESULTS: We evaluated 36 items, of these, 20 were considered valid. The reliability was also verified, using consistency of the responses of more experienced evaluators. Among the items submitted to new statistical analysis by these evaluators, only two were considered valid. CONCLUSION: Based on the content validation, a protocol with 22 items concerning patient care without the use of intra-aortic balloon was developed.

OBJETIVOS: Elaborar um protocolo de cuidados a pacientes com Balão Intra Aórtico e validar o conteúdo desse protocolo. MÉTODOS: Estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritivo. A trajetória metodológica seguiu três etapas: elaboração do instrumento; validação do conteúdo e verificação da confiabilidade do protocolo pela análise de concordância entre peritos com maior tempo de experiência. Participaram do estudo 48 peritos, entre médicos e enfermeiros, experientes em assistência ao paciente em uso do balão. Os itens considerados válidos obtiveram consenso mínimo de 75% perante a análise de concordância entre os avaliadores. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 36 itens, destes, 20 foram considerados válidos. Verificou-se também a confiabilidade, utilizando a congruência das respostas dos avaliadores mais experientes. Dos itens submetidos à nova análise estatística por esses avaliadores, apenas dois foram considerados válidos. CONCLUSÃO: Com base na validação do conteúdo, elaborou-se um protocolo com 22 itens referentes aos cuidados a paciente sem uso do Balão Intra-Aórtico.

OBJETIVOS: Elaborar un protocolo de cuidados a pacientes con Balón Intraaórtico y validar el contenido de ese protocolo. MÉTODOS: Estudio de abordaje cuantitativo, descriptivo. La trayectoria metodológica siguió tres etapas: elaboración del instrumento; validación del contenido y verificación de la confiabilidad del protocolo por el análisis de concordancia entre peritos con mayor tiempo de experiencia. Participaron en el estudio 48 peritos, entre médicos y enfermeros, con experiencia en asistencia al paciente en uso del balón. Los items considerados válidos obtuvieron consenso mínimo del 75% frente al análisis de concordancia entre los evaluadores. RESULTADOS: Fueron evaluados 36 items, de éstos, 20 fueron considerados válidos. Se verificó también la confiabilidad, utilizando la congruencia de las respuestas de los evaluadores más experientes. De los items sometidos al nuevo análisis estadístico por esos evaluadores, apenas dos se considerarons válidos. CONCLUSIÓN: Con base en la validación del contenido, se elaboró un protocolo con 22 items referentes a los cuidados al paciente sin uso del Balón Intraaórtico.

A Case of Therapy for Cardiac Failure in Postoperatively of Atrial Septal Defect / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 62-year-old man had been given a diagnosis of atrial septal defect (ASD) 20 years previously, but the condition was left untreated. A heart murmur was detected on a routine health examination, so he visited our institution where a diagnosis of type II ASD and moderate tricuspid regurgitation was given. Cardiac catheterization revealed a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of 2.9, pulmonary vascular resistance of 3.1 units, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 90 mmHg. The patient underwent open surgery consisting of a patch closure of the ASD, and tricuspid annuloplasty. His pulmonary arterial pressure rose and his blood pressure dropped, and left cardiac failure developed on postoperative day (POD) 2. The administration of catecholamines and a phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor failed to correct the left cardiac failure. We performed intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) immediately, and his hemodynamic condition stabilized. The IABP catheter was removed on POD 10. The postoperative development of circulatory failure suggested that it was almost too late for surgery for ASD. It has been believed that surgery for ASD is relatively safe. However, it seems that, the considering the possible occurrence of postoperative cardiac failure in elderly patients with accompanying pulmonary hypertension, careful postoperative management is necessary.

The clinical application of intra-aortic balloon pumping in treating serious coronary heart disease / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping(IABP)in treating serious coronary heart disease. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on 19 patients who suffered from serious coronary heart disease and accepted IABP therapy,the differences of mean arterial pressure before and after treatment were compared.In order to compare the in-hospital mortality,the patients were divided into 2 groups:6 of 19 patients accepted single IABP therapy,13 of 19 patients attempted IABP and revascularization(thrombolytic/percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass graft)therapy. ResultsBedside success rate of IABP operation was 100%without complication.Effective rate was 89.5%(17/19),2 patients who were irreversible phase of cardiogenic shock,were an ineffective treatment.The patient's mean arterial pressure increased from(52.1 ± 18.4)mm Hg to(78.3 20.8)mm Hg after using IA BP for 30 minutes(P＜0.01).The in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients received revascularization therapy in addition to IABP compared with patients who had IABP support alone 7.7% vs 83.3%(P＜0.01). ConclusionIABP in treating serious coronary heart disease was safe and effective.IABP treatment before irreversible phase of shock and revascularization therapy following IABP are the key to decrease in-hospital mortality.

Complications of intra-aortic balloon in a cohort of hospitalized patients: implications for nursing care / Complicaciones del balón intraaórtico en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados: implicaciones para la asistencia de enfermería / Complicações do balão intra-aórtico em uma coorte de pacientes hospitalizados: implicações para a assistência de enfermagem

OBJECTIVES: To describe complications associated to the use of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP), and their relationship with dwelling time, presence of risk factors/comorbidities, and nursing records. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, in which medical records were analyzed through the completion of specifically designed forms. RESULTS: In total, 104 patients were included, with mean age 65±11 years, 52 percent men; 26 (25 percent) of them presented vascular complications, more frequently ischemia (25 percent); peripheral vascular disease was the risk factor/comorbidity more frequently related to complications (56.3 percent; p=0.003). Nursing records showed that the use of catheter was recorded in 30 cases (29 percent), and the patient's clinical situation after its removal in 28 cases (27 percent). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the frequency of complications related to IABP is high. Considering risk factor/comorbidity factors, peripheral vascular disease was significantly associated to complications. Nursing records were sub-optimal.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivos describir las complicaciones provenientes de la utilización del balón intraaórtico (BIA), relacionándolas con el tiempo de permanencia, con la presencia de factores de riesgo/enfermedades concomitantes y con los registros de enfermería. Se utilizó como método la cohorte histórica, con análisis de fichas por medio del llenado de un instrumento construido específicamente para el estudio. Después de la evaluación de 104 pacientes, edad promedio 65±11, 52 por ciento sexo masculino, los resultados mostraron que 26 (25 por ciento) presentaron complicaciones vasculares, siendo la isquemia (25 por ciento) la más incidente; entre los factores de riesgo/enfermedades concomitantes, el que más se relacionó con complicaciones fue la enfermedad vascular periférica (56,3 por ciento, p=0,003). En lo que se refiere a las evaluaciones de enfermería, 30 (29 por ciento) presentaban registro del uso del catéter, y 28 (27 por ciento) relataban el estado clínico del paciente después de su retirada. Se concluye que este estudio demostró que el índice de complicaciones es todavía alto cuando relacionado al BIA. Entre los factores de riesgo/enfermedades concomitantes, la enfermedad vascular periférica fue significativamente relacionada con complicaciones. Los registros de los enfermeros no fueron exhautivos.

Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever as complicações decorrentes da utilização do balão intra-aórtico (BIA), relacionando-as com o tempo de permanência, com a presença de fatores de risco/comorbidades e com os registros de enfermagem. Utilizou-se como método a coorte histórica, com análise de prontuários por meio de preenchimento de instrumento específico para o estudo. Após avaliação de 104 pacientes, idade média 65±11, 52 por cento sexo masculino, os resultados mostraram que 26 (25 por cento) apresentaram complicações vasculares, sendo a isquemia (25 por cento) a mais incidente; entre os fatores de risco/comorbidades, o que mais se relacionou com complicações foi a doença vascular periférica (56,3 por cento, p=0,003). Quanto às evoluções de enfermagem, 30 (29 por cento) apresentavam registro do uso do cateter, e 28 (27 por cento) relatavam o estado clínico do paciente após a sua retirada. Conclui-se que este estudo demonstrou que o índice de complicações ainda é alto quando relacionado ao BIA. Dentre os fatores de risco/comorbidades, a doença vascular periférica foi significativamente relacionada com complicações. Os registros dos enfermeiros foram subótimos.

Optimal timing for perioperative internal aortic balloon pumb support in high-risk coronary artery bypass grafting / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To study the clinical experience and determine the optimal timing for periop-erative internal aortic balloon pumb (IABP) support in high-risk patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) had been demonstrated. Methods Fifteen cases of emergency CABG with IABP were performed from September 2003 to April 2008. Eight cases were supported by IABP before operation,1 case was supported after succeeding in cardiopulmonary resuscitation,2 cases were supported by IABP for acute myocardial infarction,5 cases were supported by IABP for acute coronary syndrome. Seven cases were supported by IABP in the time of intra-or postoperation,2 cases were supported by IABP in order to help re-moving cardiopulmonary bypass in the operation. Result Three cases supported by IABP in the time of in-tra-or postoperation were dead, the other 12 cases were healed. Conclusions IABP can improve the heart function effectively and therefore can increased the success rate of operation.The beneficial effect of preoperative IABP in high-risk patients who have CABG is confirmed.

redictors of Hospital Mortality for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction That was Treated With an Artificial Ventilator and/or an Intra-aortic Balloon Pump

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The mortality rate of complicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who require an artificial ventilator and/or an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) at a coronary care unit (CCU) has been reported to be very high. The aims of this study were to evaluate the mortality rate and to investigate the predictors of hospital death for these critically ill patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 134 complicated AMI patients who were treated with an artificial ventilator and/or an IABP at the CCU of Chonnam National University Hospital between January 2004 and December 2005. We compared the clinical characteristics, the laboratory, echocardiographic and coronary angiographic findings and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event (GRACE) score between the survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 56.0%. The following variables were more common in non-survivors: smoking and a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, the incidence of cardiogenic shock and the use of an IABP and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The non-survivors had higher levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and a higher GRACE score (p<0.05, respectively). The predictive factors for hospital mortality according to multiple logistic regression analysis were the use of an IABP (odds ratio: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.182-11.541), PCI (odds ratio: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.057-0.843) and a high GRACE score (odds ratio: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.015-1.041). CONCLUSION: The predictive factors for hospital death for patients with AMI and who were treated by an IABP and/or an artificial ventilator were the use of IABP and PCI and a high GRACE score.

Catastrophic Catecholamine-Induced Cardiomyopathy Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction, Rescued by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma is a rare disorder and functioning tumor composed of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines. Patients with a pheochromocytoma 'crisis' have a high mortality in spite of aggressive therapy. We present a case with a severe acute catecholamine cardiomyopathy presenting ST segment elevation with cardiogenic shock after hemorrhage into a left suprarenal tumor. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support, combined with inotropic therapy, was performed. However, the patient deteriorated rapidly and was unresponsive to a full dose of inotropics and IABP. We decided to apply extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) device for the patient. His clinical state began to improve 3 days after ECMO. After achieving hemodynamic stabilization, he underwent successful laparoscopic left adrenalectomy. He needed no further cardiac medication after discharge.

Application of intra-aortic balloon pump in acute myocardial infarction / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To analyze and evaluate the role of IABP in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods The clinical data of all patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with IABP admitted into the Peking University First Hospital from January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2006 were collected.The treatment effects of IABP were analyzed with statistical methods.Results A total number of 48 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with IABP in the past 6 years and 26 of them were presented with cardiogenic shock at the time of admission.The short-term condition was stabilized in 81.3%(39/48) of the patients with IABP treatment which was demonstrated by restoration of stable heart rate and blood pressure,increase in urine volume,symptoms relief and decreasing need of vasoactive drug.The in-hospital mortality was lower in patients received revascularization therapy in additional to IABP compared with patients who had IABP support alone(37.5% vs.93.8%,P